Variable number of arguments in the function of c language

                  Generally if we want to add the variable number of integers or multiply the variable number of floats/integers we need separate functions for each number of arguments. Fortunately C language provides flexibility for the programmer. It supports the variable number of arguments in the function. The function signature fallows the fallowing syntax:

Returntype functionname(int n,...)

                  This is eclipse notation. The three dots serve for this purpose. To use this facility we have to add the stdarg header file. We need to use va_list this points to the list of the arguments. 

va_start 

   This must be called before using the argument from the list. The syntax of this is va_start(ap,count). First argument is the list and second argument is the number of arguments passed. 

va_arg(ap,datatype):

    This must be called every time to get the value of the argument in a loop. The first parameter is the list and second one is the datatype of the argument.

va_end(ap):
     At the end of program we have to use this to clear the resources used by the list other wise the resources will be there until the program terminates resulting in memory leaks (eating up the RAM).

Consider the fallowing example

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int add(int count,...)
{
int result=0;
va_list ap;
va_start(ap,count);
for(int i=0;i<count;i++)
{
result=result+va_arg(ap,int);
}
va_end(ap);
return result;
}

int main()
{
int r;
r=add(9,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9);
cout<<"\n"<<"the result of summation is :"<<r;
r=add(3,1,2,3);
cout<<"\n"<<"the result of summation is :"<<r;
_getch();
return 0;
}

  The main function calls the two times the add function with the variable number of arguments. Observe that the first parameter is the number of arguments except the first one. The first call to the function has ten arguments the first one is the number of arguments and the renaming arguments are the values to calculate the addition.

Directory Lister using c language

The command line argument is the folder to be listed. for example if we want ot list hte file names
in the folder images in the c drive we have to specify it as C:\images\.
we need dirent.h file for the code to work. it is open source header file.

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <dirent.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(int argc,char ** argv)
{
DIR *dp;
struct dirent *ep;
if(argc<2)
{
printf("Insufficinet number of arguments");
return -1;
}
dp = opendir (argv[1]);
while(ep=readdir(dp))
{
puts(ep->d_name);
}
closedir(dp);
puts("Press any key to return");
_getch();
return 0;
}

           The program takes the one argument. that is the folder absolute path to get the file names with the extension. dp is the pointer to the folder or directory to be listed. ep points to the file in the folder. the while loop continuously iterates through the folder or directory. when there is no more files to list then this returns the null then the condition in the while loop becomes void and the loop breaks. ep is the pointer to the currently selected file in the directory. ep->d_name gives the file name currently pointed along with the extension of the file. after completing our task we have to close the directory which is opened in the program.
if we forgot to close then the directory will be closed when we exit the program. based on the need we can modify the code to get the desired files with the specific extension.

Command line arguments in C Language

Command line arguments:

                Generally command line arguments are the parameters taken by the main function of any c language program. The main takes two arguments. First one is the number of arguments available on the command line including the program name and the user specified arguments the second parameter is the character array which originally holds the typed arguments. Characters between the two spaces are interpreted as the argument on the command line. For example on the command line we typed

code.exe visual studio 2010

then the code.exe is the program we wish to execute and the visual is the second command line argument studio is the third and 2010 is the fourth. The main function which takes the command line arguments takes two forms like

                main(int argc, char* argv[])

                main(int argc, char** argv)

In the first form the argument array is specified with the single pointer and the array. In the second one it is specified as the double pointer. Generally when the array is declared the array name acts as the pointer to the first element in the array. In the second case we used double pointer so there is no need of the array.

To access the command line arguments we can fallow the normal array elements accessing rules. But one must remember that the first command line argument is the currently executing program name so if we want to access the user intentionally typed arguments we have to start from the second array element. That is index is 1. The fallowing code snippets help to visualise the command line arguments easily.

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <conio.h>

void main(int argc, char* argv[])

{

int num_arg=argc,i;

printf("Number of arguments on the commandline are %d",num_arg);

for(i=0;i<num_arg;i++)

{

printf("The %d command line argument is %s",i+1,argv[i]);

puts("\n");

}

_getch();

}

the for loop in the code prints the arguments on the command line. one thing we have to remember is the fourth argument 2010 is also considered as the character array so if we want the numerical value we have to convert back to the integer value using some conversion available in the c standard library like "atoi" function. in the output windows we can see the first command line argument is the absolute path of the currently executing program.

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <conio.h>

void main(int argc, char** argv)

{

int num_arg=argc,i;

printf("Number of arguments on the commandline are %d",num_arg);

for(i=0;i<num_arg;i++)

{

printf("The %d command line argument is %s",i+1,argv[i]);

puts("\n");

}

_getch();

}

the second example is another code demonstrating the use of command line arguments. The path for the file to open is passed as the second command line argument of index one and it is used to save the command line arguments in it.

Structure pointer as the function argument

Generally structures are used to store different data types. sometimes we need to pass the structure as the parameter to the function. Arguments are stored in the stack. If the size of the structure is very large then storing that on stack becomes hard and data accessing becomes slow. so we can pass the pointer to the structure as the parameter instead of the structure. This enables the faster data access.

consider the structure

struct data
{
// All the data
};

For this declare a pointer. Structure is also a data type so we can create a pointer to this as the same way we create for the int ,char etc.
for integer we create pointer as int *p=NULL;
p is the pointer of type integer. which always points the integer type variables.
Similarly we can create pointers to the structure.
struct data *dt=NULL;
Here dt is the pointer to the user defined data type data. To access the structure variables we have to use arrow operator ->.

struct var
{
int a;
char c;
};

let p is the pointer to the structure var. To access the integer variable we need statement like var->a.
Generally allocating data to the pointer is good before using it. If we are using the pointer in the same function no need of allotting memory. If we need to use the same pointer f to pass data between functions we need to allot memory using dynamic memory allocation techniques like malloc , calloc in C language and by using new in C++.
We need memory allocation because after returning from functions all the variables initialised and used are deleted from heap except if the variable is used with memory allocation.

var* function1(void)
{
struct var *p=NULL;
p=(struct var*)malloc(sizeof(struct var));;
p->a=10;
p->c="A";
return p;
}

void function2(var* p)
{
int r=p->a;
printf("\n Value of r is %d",r);
}

Here we are using the structure explained above. we are passing structure as pointer from one function to another function. and in the second function we just printing the value of the integer a. We are allotting the memory to pointer dynamically. This is C type memory allocation.
The C++ type allocation is as fallows we need to modify the second statement of the function1.


var* function1(void)
{
struct var *p=NULL;
p=new var;
p->a=10;
p->c="A";
return p;
}

some times we need to hide the type of pointer like we need to pass the structure but the functions should not identify the pointer as pointer to structure. To achieve this we can use void pointers. Just it is casting of pointers.

consider the void pointer void* ptr1=NULL;
strcut var *ptr2=NULL;
ptr2=new var;
Here ptr1 and ptr2 are the two pointers pointing void and structure respectively.

ptr1=(void*)ptr2;


Here just casting operation is done. Now consider the previous example where we are passing pointer to structure as argument. Modify that to pass structure pointer as void pointer.


void* function1(void)
{
struct var *p=NULL;
p=new var;
p->a=10;
p->c="A";
void *ptr=NULL;
ptr=(void*)p;
return ptr;
}

 In the second function we need to convert the void pointer back to pointer to structure. Then second function looks like

void function2(void *vptr)
{
struct var *sptr=NULL;
sptr=(struct var *)vptr;
int r=sptr->a;
printf("\n Value of r is %d",r);
}

Creating DLL with Visual Studio 2010 Express Edition

We can create DLL with one source file and one header file. Header file contains only the declaration of the functions exported from the DLL.

Header file: header.h is the name of the header file.
extern "C" __declspec(dllexport) returntype function1(argument);
extern "C" __declspec(dllexport) returntype function2(argument);

Source file source.cpp is the name of the source file this is the actual file containing the actual functionality of the exported functions.

#include<header.h> //include the header file containing the declaration of the exported functions in the dll
returntype function1(arguments)
{
write your code here
return statement
}

returntype function2(arguments)
{
write your code here
return
}

What is the output?

main(){int x=4,y,z;y=--x;z=x--;printf("\n %d %d %d",x,y,z);}main(){int x=4,y=3,z;z=x-- -y;printf("\n %d %d %d",x,y,z);}main(){int i;for(i=1;i<=5;printf("\n %d",i);i++;}

Decimal number to Octal number conversion using C language

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int n,n1,o=0,r,p=0;
printf("\n Enter the number to convert octal number");
scanf("%d",&n);
n1=n;
while(n>0)
{
r=n%8;
n=n/8;
o=o+r*pow(10,p);
p++;
}
printf("\n The octal equivalanet number of %d is %d",n1,o);
printf("\n Press any key to exit");
getch();
}

Checking for Valid Triangle using C Language

/* Checking for validity of Triangle when three sides are entered*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int s1,s2,s3,l,s;/*s1=side one s2=side two s3=side three l=large side s=sum*/
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the three sides of triangle");
scanf("%d %d %d",&s1,&s2,&s3);
if(s1>s2)
{
if(s1>s3)
{
s=s2+s3;
l=s1;
}
else
{
s=s1+s2;
l=s3;
}
}
else
{
if(s2>s3)
{
s=s1+s3;
l=s2;
}
else
{
s=s1+s2;
l=s3;
}
}
if(s>l)
printf("\n The triangle is valid");
else
printf("\n The triangle is invalid");
printf("\n Press any key to exit");
getch();
}

Program to check the Position of point from the center of circle using C language

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int x1,y1,x2,y2,r;
float dis;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the radius of the circle and the center coordinates");
scanf("%d%d%d",&r,&x1,&y1);
printf("\n Enter the dsired coordinate points");
scanf("%d%d%",&x2,&y2);
dis=(x2-x1)^2+(y2-y1)^2;
if(dis==(r*r))
printf("\n Enterd coordinate point lies on the circle");
else
{
if(dis>(r*r))
printf("\n Point is outside the circle");
else
printf("\n point is inside the circle");
}
printf("\n press any key to exit");
getch();
}

Checking for Collinear coordinate points in C language

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{
int x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3;
float s1,s2,s3;
printf("\n Enter the first point coordinates");
scanf("%d%d",&x1,&y1);
printf("\n Enter the second point coordinates");
scanf("%d%d",&x2,&y2);
printf("\n Enter the third point coordinates");
scanf("%d%d",&x3,&y3);
/* calculating slope between the points*/
s1=abs(x2-x1)/abs(y2-y1);
s1=abs(x3-x1)/abs(y3-y1);
s3=abs(x3-x2)/abs(y3-y2);
if((s1==s2)&&(s1==s3))
printf("\n Points entered are collinear");
else
printf("\n Points entered are not collinear");
printf("\n Press any key to exit");
getch();
}

Stair case of numbers using FOR loop in C++

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int i,j,c;
clrscr();
cout<<"Enter the lines"<<"\n";
cin>>c;
for(i=0;i<c;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
{
cout<<i;
}
cout<<"\n";
}
return 0;
}